In the spring, overwintered adults disperse to feed upon the leaf margins and growing points of legume seedlings (alfalfa, clover, dry beans, faba beans, peas). This feeding can produce a characteristic, scalloped (or notched) edge (Fig. 1). Females lay their eggs in the soil either near or on developing pea or faba bean plants from May to June.
Figure 1. Examples of adult pea leaf weevil damage on field pea seedlings, (A) seedling with notches on all nodes, (B) stereotypical crescent-shaped notches on the leaf margin, (C) clam or terminal leaf of the pea seedling with arrows indicating the feeding notches. All photos courtesy of Dr. L. Dosdall.
The annual pea leaf weevil survey is conducted from late May to early June. Results from the 2023 annual survey are shown in Figure 2. If you are planting field peas this year, please consider volunteering your fields for this survey. The survey is conducted by counting the characteristic ‘u’ shaped feeding notches made by adult pea leaf weevil at several locations along the field edge. Dr. Meghan Vankosky (AAFC-Saskatoon) and Dr. Boyd Mori (University of Alberta) are also seeking field sites to collect adult pea leaf weevils for laboratory experiments this spring. For these experiments, faba bean or field pea fields are being sought and weevils will be either hand-collected from plants in the field or using a sweep-net in the field margins. Please contact Meghan to volunteer field sites for adult weevil collection (meghan.vankosky@agr.gc.ca).
Figure 2. Results of the 2023 annual pea leaf weevil survey conducted in the spring of 2023.
The case of the innocuous versus the evil twin: When making pest management decisions, be sure that the suspect is a actually a pest. This can be challenge since insects often mimic each other or look very similar. An insect that looks, moves and acts like a pest may in fact be a look-alike or doppelganger.
Doppelgangers may be related (e.g. same genus) or may not be related, as in the case monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and viceroys (Limenitis achrippus). In some cases, doppelgangers are relatively harmless. In others, the doppelganger is a pest too yet behaviour, lifecycle and hosts may be different.
Correctly identifying a pest enables selection of the most accurate scouting or monitoring protocol. Identification and monitoring enables the application of economic thresholds. It also enables a producer to select and apply the most effective control option(s) including method and timing of application. For the rest of the growing season, the Insect of the Week will feature insect crop pests and their doppelgangers.
The case of the pea weevil and other Sitona species doppelgangers
Weevils of the genus Sitona are broad-nosed weevils that are pests of various legume crops, including field pea, faba bean, alfalfa and sweet clover. Sitona larvae attack the roots of the host plant and usually consume the root nodules and the enclosed symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen. Adult Sitona weevils consume plant leaves resulting in ‘U’-shaped feeding notches. Sitona species known to occur in Canada include:
• Sitona lineatus – pea leaf weevil (Fig. 1), has two primary hosts: field pea and faba bean. • Sitona cylindricollis– clover root weevil or sweet clover weevil (Fig. 4). • Sitona hispidulus – clover root curculio* (Fig. 3), a clover pest. • Sitona lineellus – alfalfa curculio (Fig. 5), eats alfalfa, vetch and field pea. • Sitona obsoletus (=S. flavescens = S. lepidus) – clover root curculio*, a clover pest (Fig. 6).
* Note that common names can be used to describe more than one species and can be confusing.
Figure 1. Pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L.). Photo: AAFC-Sasktoon-Williams.
The above five Sitona species found in Canada are doppelgangers of each other for several reasons:
1. Similar in size and appearance – Require a taxonomic key and microscope to accurately identify to species. Notable difference is Sitona hispidulus which has hairy elytra compared to the other four species which lack hair on their elytra (Fig. 2).
2. Sitona weevils share primary and secondary hosts – Pea leaf weevils must feed on primary hosts (i.e., field pea and faba bean) to attain sexual maturation AND the larvae must feed on primary hosts to successfully develop. However, early in the spring and again in the fall, pea leaf weevils feed on virtually any species of legume, including the primary host plants of the other four Sitona species.
3. Foliar feeding damage is similar – According to Weich and Clements (1992), “careful scrutiny” is required to differentiate the feeding damage caused by different Sitona species feeding on the same host plant. Therefore, it is important to collect adult weevils for identification to confirm which species is responsible for foliar damage.
Figure 6. Clover root curculio (Sitona obsoletus). Photo: by K. Walker
More information about pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus), and sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) can be accessed on the Insect of the Week page. Information related to crop pests and their natural enemies can be found in the newly updated Field Guide and Cutworm Guide. Both are available for free download on our Insect Field Guide and Cutworm Field Guide pages.
